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Johann Köler
Johann Köler (8 March 1826 – 22 April 1899) was a leader of the Estonian national awakening and a painter.〔Jane Turner, ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries, 1996, ISBN 1-884446-00-0, p203〕 He is considered as the first professional painter of the emerging nation. He distinguished himself primarily by his portraiture and to a lesser extent by his landscape paintings. Some of his most notable pictures depict the Estonian rural life in the second half of the 19th century.
==Life and work==
Johann Köler was born as the seventh child to a peasant family in Lubjassaare farmstead in Ivaski, Viljandi County. Despite the poverty of the parents Köler managed to attend the elementary and the district schools in Viljandi, Livonia. Then he attended a workshop of master painters in Võnnu. In 1846, Köler travelled to St. Petersburg to work as a sign writer, where his talent was soon discovered. From 1848 to 1855 Johan Köler studied drawing and painting at the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts.
During 1857 Köler travelled to Paris via Berlin, later returned to Germany, then travelled to the Netherlands and Belgium. In 1858, he travelled across the Alps to Milan, Geneva, Florence and Rome. There, he studied in a private academy and devoted his time to watercolor technique. In Rome during 1859 he presented his composition "Christ on the Cross".
Answering the call of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, Köler returned to the city in 1861. From 1862 to 1874 he was a teacher of the Grand Duchess Maria Aleksandrovna, the daughter of Czar Alexander II. In 1869–1870, he worked as a lecturer at the Academy. From 1886 to 1889 Köler worked in Vienna, Nice, and Paris.
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